“Buffer State 2.0”: Reconceptualizing the Buffer State and Mongolia’s Experience

Authors

  • Tsogtgerel Nyamtseren The Institute for Strategic Studies, National Security Council, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Keywords:

Mongolia, buffer state, geopolitics, small states, hedging strategy, third neighbor policy

Abstract

The concept of the buffer state is well established in international relations and geopolitical studies. However, traditional approaches no longer fully explain the changing nature of great-power competition. Classical buffer-state theory generally defines a buffer state as a relatively weak country located between two competing great powers, serving to separate them geographically while possessing limited foreign-policy options. This approach remains useful for explaining how geography and power asymmetry shape the security and foreign policy of small states, but it pays insufficient attention to small-state agency and to the growing importance of economic, energy, transport, technological, and information interdependence.
This article proposes the concept of “Buffer State 2.0”, treating buffer status not as a fixed geopolitical condition but as a dynamic state that changes according to great-power relations, shifts in the balance of power, forms of external influence, and the policy capacity of the small state itself. From this perspective, the buffer function may vary across different domains, including security, politics, economics, energy, transport, technology, and information.
Mongolia provides a useful case for examining this transformation. During the Sino-Soviet confrontation, Mongolia was incorporated into the Soviet security system and performed a one-sided strategic buffer role. Since 1990, however, Mongolia has sought to manage the constraints arising from its geographic position through balanced relations with its two neighbors, the “third neighbor” policy, multilateral diplomacy, its nuclear-weapon-free status, participation in UN peacekeeping, and expanded defense cooperation. Rather than passively accepting the constraints of geography, Mongolia has increasingly sought to manage them through policy.
The article conceptualizes this approach as a geographically conditioned hedging strategy, one that accepts enduring geographic constraints while seeking to reduce the risks arising from them through diversified partnerships, multilateral engagement, and expanded policy options.

Жийрэг улсын ойлголтын хувьсал: “Жийрэг улс 2.0” ба Монгол Улсын туршлага

Хураангуй: Жийрэг (buffer state) улс хэмээх ойлголт олон улсын харилцаа, геополитикийн судалгаанд шинэ бус боловч түүнийг тайлбарлаж ирсэн уламжлалт хандлага өнөөгийн том гүрнүүдийн өрсөлдөөний мөн чанар, хэлбэрийг бүрэн тайлбарлаж чадахаа больжээ. Сонгодог ойлголтоор жийрэг улс нь өрсөлдөгч хоёр том гүрний хооронд оршиж, тэдгээрийг газар зүйн хувьд тусгаарлах үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг, хүч чадлын хувьд сул бөгөөд гадаад бодлогын сонголт нь харьцангуй хязгаарлагдмал улс юм. Энэхүү өгүүллээр жийрэг улсыг зөвхөн газар зүйн байршил, хүчний харьцаагаар тодорхойлогдох тогтмол ойлголт бус, харин том гүрнүүдийн харилцаа, хүчний харьцаа, нөлөөллийн хэлбэр болон тухайн улсын чадавхаас шалтгаалан хувьсан өөрчлөгддөг динамик төлөв хэмээн авч үзэн “Жийрэг улс 2.0” хэмээн тодорхойлж, орчин үеийн жийрэг улсын үүргийг зөвхөн цэрэг, аюулгүй байдлын хүрээнд бус, улс төр, эдийн засаг, эрчим хүч, тээвэр, технологи, мэдээлэл зэрэг салбарт харилцан адилгүй хэлбэрээр илэрч болохыг тайлбарлахаар зорилоо.

Түлхүүр үгс: Монгол Улс; геополитик; жижиг улс; олон тулгуурт стратеги; гуравдагч хөрш

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Author Biography

Tsogtgerel Nyamtseren , The Institute for Strategic Studies, National Security Council, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Doctor (Ph.D), Research Fellow, 

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Published

2026-09-30

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Articles

How to Cite

Nyamtseren , T. (2026). “Buffer State 2.0”: Reconceptualizing the Buffer State and Mongolia’s Experience. Mongolian Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(101), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.65315/mjss.v36i101.5950

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