The Impact of Education Investment on Macroeconomic Stability: A Mediation Analysis Through the Channel of Governance Effectiveness
Keywords:
Education expenditure, Macroeconomic volatility, Resource-dependent economy, Mediation analysis, Institutional qualityAbstract
Mongolia’s economy remains highly dependent on natural resources and is therefore vulnerable to macroeconomic instability arising from fluctuations in global commodity prices. Under such conditions, institutional factors play a critically important role in ensuring long-term economic stability. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of investment in the education sector on macroeconomic volatility and to empirically determine whether this effect operates through the channel of governance effectiveness. The study utilizes time-series data spanning the period from 1990 to 2024. Macroeconomic volatility is measured using the moving standard deviation of real GDP growth. The stationarity of variables is tested using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, and the empirical analysis employs a multivariate OLS regression model along with a mediation framework, estimated with robust standard errors. The empirical results indicate that an increase in education expenditure significantly reduces macroeconomic volatility at a statistically significant level (β = −0.318, p < 0.01). Furthermore, education spending is found to improve governance effectiveness, which in turn contributes to greater economic stability, confirming the presence of an indirect (mediating) effect. In contrast, the gross enrollment ratio in higher education does not exhibit a statistically significant impact on volatility, suggesting that the “quality of financing” and institutional strengthening are more important than mere quantitative expansion in education. Therefore, directing mining revenues toward sustained, long-term investment in the education sector represents a key policy pathway for achieving macroeconomic stability.
Боловсролын хөрөнгө оруулалтын макро үр ашиг ба засаглалын зуучлах сувгийн шинжилгээ
Монгол Улсын эдийн засаг нь байгалийн нөөцөөс өндөр хамааралтай тул дэлхийн зах зээлийн үнийн хэлбэлзлээс үүдэн макро эдийн засгийн тогтворгүй байдалд өртөмтгий хэвээр байна. Ийм нөхцөлд эдийн засгийн урт хугацаанд тогтвортой байдалд институтийн хүчин зүйлс, тэр дундаа боловсролын салбар онцгой ач холбогдолтой. Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь боловсролын салбарын хөрөнгө оруулалт макро эдийн засгийн савлагаанд хэрхэн нөлөөлж буйг тодорхойлох, мөн уг нөлөөлөл засаглалаар дамжиж буйг эмпирик аргаар шинжиллээ. Судалгаанд 1990-2024 оны цуваа өгөгдлийг ашигласан. Макро эдийн засгийн савлагааг бодит ДНБ-ий өсөлтийн хөдөлгөөнт стандарт хазайлтаар хэмжиж, хувьсагчдыг Augmented Dickey–Fuller тестээр шалгасан ба шинжилгээнд олон хүчин зүйлийн OLS регресс болон дам нөлөөний загварыг Robust стандарт алдаатайгаар үнэлэв. Шинжилгээний үр дүнгээс харахад боловсролын салбарын зардал нэмэгдэх нь макро эдийн засгийн савлагааг статистик ач холбогдолтой түвшинд бууруулж байгааг тогтоов. Мөн боловсролын салбарын хөрөнгө оруулалт нь засаглалын чанарт эергээр нөлөөлж эдийн засгийн тогтвортой байдлыг хангах дам нөлөөлөх боломжтойг тогтоов. Харин дээд боловсролын хамрагдалтын түвшин эдийн засгийн савлагаанд ач холбогдолтой нөлөө үзүүлээгүй нь боловсролын салбарын “тоон өсөлт”-өөс илүүтэй санхүүжилтийн чанар болон институтийн үр ашиг чухал болохыг харуулж байна. Иймд уул уурхайн орлогыг боловсролын салбарт тогтвортой, урт хугацааны хөрөнгө оруулалт болгон чиглүүлэх нь макро эдийн засгийн тогтвортой байдлыг хангах бодлого болохыг энэхүү судалгаа санал болгож байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: Боловсролын салбарын зардал, Эдийн засгийн савлагаа, Байгалийн нөөцөд тулгуурласан эдийн засаг, Дам нөлөөний шинжилгээ,
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