Analysis and of Word “eleg” Related Languages
Keywords:
Altaic languages, phonetic change, semantics, metaphorical designation.Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of the meaning, structure, and etymology of the word eleg (“liver”) by examining relevant data from the Mongolic, Turkic, and Manchu-Tungusic language families. Based on evidence from these genetically related languages, it is observed that the semantic field of the word eleg extends metaphorically to encompass meanings such as “blood kin~heart and mind~internal organ~food~abdominal and thoracic region.” In the Altaic languages, it is common to modify the word eleg with adjectives denoting unity (e.g., “one”) to refer to siblings born of the same parents. In Mongolic, the word eleg also appears in various idiomatic expressions conveying meanings such as “to reach the limit of exhaustion,” “to fail,” “to despise and dominate others,” “to be united by similarity,” “a foreigner,” “a person with a different mindset,” “soft-hearted and compassionate,” “to be sincere,” and “to hold dear in one’s heart.” These semantic extensions are comparable to those of the Turkic word bagır (“liver”). The word eleg, denoting a human organ, likely originated in Proto-Mongolic, tracing back to the historical root “eligen.” In languages such as Kyrgyz and Kazakh, blood relatives are referred to by the word bagır (“liver”), which reflects a shared conceptual metaphor but differing phonological and morphological structures. Furthermore, in the Manchu-Tungusic languages, the form eligen occurs solely in Evenki, and is absent in other related languages, suggesting that this form was derived from the Mongolic eleg. In the Altaic language family, the lexical item denoting the internal organ “liver” is expressed through several common and divergent meanings across the member languages. These lexical and semantic variations have emerged as the Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic peoples developed independent languages, each evolving its own distinct structural features. This article aims to reconstruct the historical structure and explain the etymology of the native Mongolic term "eleg" (‘liver’)—a lexical item referring to a human internal organ—by conducting a diachronic semantic and morphological comparison based on data from both closely and distantly related languages. The analysis draws on the phonological systems, their historical evolution, morphological structures, grammatical forms, and lexical similarities across Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic languages. The study is grounded in G.J. Ramstedt’s Altaic hypothesis, which is based on comparative linguistic features, as well as in Professor Ts. Önörbayan's “Non-linear Theory of Language Development.” Primary sources include dialectal data, written monuments, and lexical evidence from Turkic and Tungusic languages. The methodological framework incorporates scientific approaches such as induction and deduction—drawing general conclusions from specific evidence and vice versa—as well as analytic methods involving the detailed examination and explanation of each recorded item. Additionally, synthetic reasoning is employed to generalize from specific findings and to form comprehensive conclusions. These methods collectively support the linguistic reconstruction and comparative analysis undertaken in this study.
“Элэг” хэмээх үгийг төрөл хэлнүүдийн хүрээнд харьцуулах нь
Тус өгүүлэлд монгол, түрэг, манж-түнгүс хэлний зохих баримтуудыг харьцуулан “элэг” хэмээх үгийн утга, бүтэц, гарлыг тодорхойлов. Төрөл хэлнүүдийн баримтаас ажиглахад “элэг” хэмээх үгийн утга шилжсэнээр “ураг төрөл ~ зүрх сэтгэл ~ дотоод эрхтэн ~ хоол хүнс ~ хэвлий цээжний хэсэг” гэх мэтийн утгатай үгс үүсдэг байна. Алтай язгуурын хэлнүүдэд “элэг” гэсэн үгийн өмнө “нэг” гэх мэтийн утга бүхий тодотгох үгийг холбож, нэг эцэс эхээс төрсөн ахан дүүсийг нэрлэх нь нийтлэг тохиолддог. Алтай язгуурын төрөл хэлнүүдэд биеийн дотор эрхтэн “элэг”-ийг заасан нэр нь үгийн сангийн нийтлэг болон ялгаатай шинж энэ мэт хэдэн утгаар илэрхийлэгдэх бөгөөд энэ нь монгол, түрэг, манж угсаатнууд бие даасан хэлтэй болж салан хөгжихдөө өөр өөрийн хэлбэр бүтэцтэй болжээ. Тус өгүүлэл нь монгол хэлний уугуул үгийн сангийн бүрэлдэхүүн хэсэг болох хүний биеийн эрхтний нэр “элэг” хэмээх үгийг хол, ойрын төрөл хэлнүүдийн баримтад тулгуурлан, цуваа цагийн үүднээс утга, бүтцийн харьцуулал хийх замаар үүсэж бүтсэн зүй тогтол, түүхэн бүтцийг сэргээн тогтоож, гарлыг тайлбарлахыг зорьсон билээ. Бид монгол, түрэг, манж-түнгүс хэлнүүдийг харьцуулан авианы тогтолцоо, түүний хувьсан хөгжих зүй болон үгийн бүтэц, хэлзүйн хэлбэр хийгээд үгийн сангийн адил төсөөтэй онцлог шинжид тулгуурласан Г.И. Рамстедтын баримталж байсан алтайн хэлний онол болон профессор Ц.Өнөрбаян нарын “Хэлний шугаман бус хөгжлийн онол” -ыг үндэс болгож, төрөл хэл аялгуу, бичгийн дурсгалууд, түрэг, манж-түнгүс хэлний баримт, зэрэг хэрэглэгдэхүүнүүдийг шинжлэн дүгнэж боловсруулахдаа баримт хэрэглэгдэхүүнээр нотлон оюун дүгнэлт гаргах индукц, дедукцийн арга, бүртгэн жагсаасан зүйлүүдээ нэг бүрчлэн тайлбарлах замаар задлан шинжилгээ хийх анализ, тодорхойгоор дамжуулан ерөнхийг танин мэдэж, нэгтгэн дүгнэх синтезийн арга гэх мэт шинжлэх ухааны аргуудыг суурь болгон ашиглав.
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