Mongolian Journal of Geography and Geoecology
type: channel
description: published by the of Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Abstracting and indexing in Google Scholar, Dimensions, and EBSCO Discovery service
publisher: Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
language: en-US
publication name: Mongolian Journal of Geography and Geoecology
issn: 3006-385X
copyright: Copyright on any research article in the Mongolian Journal of Geography and Geoecology is retained by the author(s). The authors grant the Mongolian Journal of Geography and Geoecology a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Articles in the Mongolian Journal of Geography and Geoecology are Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY. This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
items: Research on tourism and environmental pollution of larger lakes near the western and eastern regions of Mongolia
items: Organic carbon stock in Gobi soils
items: Evaluation of the condition of the trees in Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge) formation in the Trans Altai Gobi
items: Results of principal component analysis using multisource data
items: Application of spectral enhancement methods using optical and radar data
items: Investigation of drinking water quality in the urban areas of Bulgan province
items: A Review of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Desertification and Land Degradation in Mongolia
items: Distribution, Characteristics, and Morphogenetic Types of Relief: A Case Study of Myangad Soum, Khovd Province
items: Classification of Morphogenetic Landform Types in the Western Region of Mongolia
items: Cultural Ecosystem Service Value of Khyargas Lake
items: Modeling the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide concentration by machine learning
items: Changes in the sand area around the Darkhadiin Khotgor from 1985 to 2022
items: A Study on the Methodological Approaches for Estimating Pasture Biomass Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data
items: Salinity and heavy metals in the Saxaul forest soil
items: Assessment of pasture irrigation accessibility and calculation area of in Sumber, Bayantal and Shiveegobi soums of Gobisumber province
items: Methodology for Landscape Mapping at the Regional Scale
items: Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Heat Island in Erdenet City Using Machine Learning Approaches
items: Study on the Seed yeild and Seed quality of Thinned Plantation Forest
items: Study of the generation, distribution of the plum fruit moth in Mongolia. Lepidoptera: (Grapholita funebrana Treitschke, 1835)
items: Desertification and land degradation problems in soums in different natural regions of Mongolia
items: Environmental protection infrastructure of urbanized territories

Research on tourism and environmental pollution of larger lakes near the western and eastern regions of Mongolia
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of developing tourism on pollution around Buir and Khyargas Lakes in eastern and western Mongolia. To achieve this objective, statistical data were gathered, and surveys were administered to tourism service providers and herder households. Additionally, soil and water samples were collected from the vicinity of the lakes. The collected data were then analyzed and integrated to produce comprehensive findings. A total of 50 tourist camps, eco camp (otog/ger) along with 42 herder households, were surveyed and the data analyzed within the study areas of the two lakes. In addition, a survey was carried out to inventory pit latrines and solid waste disposal sites located around the lakes. Soil samples were collected from 50 points, and water samples were obtained from 25 points for laboratory analysis. The results indicated that soil samples did not reveal any significant contamination concerning heavy metals or bacterial presence, adhering to the hygienic tolerance levels outlined in MNS 5850:2019, MNS 6341:2012, and MNS 5367:2004. In contrast, the results of the water sample analyses indicated that the concentrations of several elements surpassed the permissible limits established in the national standards for drinking water quality and safety (MNS 0900:2018, MNS 4586:1998, MNS 6148:2010), suggesting potential risks to water safety. Specifically, water samples from wells near Khyargas Lake showed elevated levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), arsenic (As), and uranium (U), surpassing the limits set by the relevant national standards. In the case of Buir Lake, well water samples exhibited elevated levels of manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and uranium (U), surpassing the permissible limits established by relevant national standards. While the chemical and sanitary contaminants detected in the water are linked to the lakes' natural and geographical characteristics, anthropogenic factors, especially tourism-…
creator: Nandin-Erdene Amartuvshin
creator: Narangerel Serdyanjiv
creator: Batnyam Tseveengerel
creator: Davaagatan Tuyagerel
creator: Purevsuren Munkhtur
creator: Altanbagana Myagmarsuren
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nandin-Erdene Amartuvshin, Narangerel Serdyanjiv, Batnyam Tseveengerel, Davaagatan Tuyagerel, Purevsuren Munkhtur, Altanbagana Myagmarsuren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.3607

Organic carbon stock in Gobi soils
type: item
description: Global warming and climate change are affecting our country twice as much as others. With a vast territory featuring significant differences in natural zones and boundaries, and an arid climate with extreme conditions, our desert and semi-desert steppe areas are heavily impacted by desertification. This has led to negative consequences such as a reduction in soil fertility and decreased carbon sequestration in the soil. Studying the characteristics of soil in desert regions and determining the organic carbon reserves in the soil are crucial for implementing adaptive measures to climate change and for restoration efforts. In this study, we examined the characteristics of desert brown, light brown, and rocky brown soils of the desert mountain and gravelly plateau. The study area contains Leptic Calcisols, Leptic Yermic Caclisols, Mollic calcic Caclisols soil types. Organic carbon in the soil was calculated using the Walkley-Black method. The results showed that the organic carbon reserves in the various soil types were as follows: Leptic Calcisols (P1) 49.54 t/ha in the 0-75 cm, Leptic Yermic Caclisols (P3) 36.71 t/ha in the 0-80 cm, Mollic Calcisols (P5) 41.70 t/ha in the 0-80 cm, Mollic Yermic Caclisols (P7) 20.78 t/ha in the 0-75 cm, Mollic calcic Caclisols (P8) 28.84 t/ha in the 0-70 cm, Leptic Calcisols (P12) 48.41 t/ha in the 0-120 cm, Mollic Yermic Caclisols (P14) 20.10 t/ha in the 0-85 cm and Leptic Calcisols (P15) 27.61 t/ha in the 0-55 cm layer. Soil sections show similar chemical properties but different morphological characteristics. Soil organic carbon reserves differ at the soil type level, but are similar to previous research results at the regional level. The reserves vary depending on the thickness of the soil layers and the rock content. Говийн хөрсний органик нүүрстөрөгчийн нөөц ХУРААНГУЙ: Дэлхийн дулаарал, уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлтөд манай орон хоёр дахин илүү өртөж байна. Байгалийн бүс, бүслүүрийн ялгаа ихтэй өргөн уудам газар нутагтай, эрс тэс уур а…
creator: Uuganbat Ganbold
creator: Tsogbadral Khurelbaatar
creator: Enkhtuvshin Dechinperlii
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uuganbat Ganbold, Tsogbadral Khurelbaatar, Enkhtuvshin Dechinperlii https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 13
ending page: 21
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.3653

Evaluation of the condition of the trees in Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bge) formation in the Trans Altai Gobi
type: item
description: In the Trans-Altai Gobi, the transitional zone between true desert and hyper-arid desert (gammada), the height and density of saxaul trees in the foothills, sair (dried beds of temporary rivers watersheds), complex-sair, inter-sair’s terrace, sandy sediments and sand-covered areas were determined by the following classification: young and mature, respawn and dead. A total of 68 species belonging to 21 families and 47 genera of vascular plants were identified in the areas occupied by the saxaul community. Among these, herbaceous perennial plants were the most prevalent, accounting for 35% of the total species. Additionally, 23% of the species were annual and biennial plants. The majority of species within the saxaul sub-type are secondary origin species that have been transported by floodwaters from the hillsides, subsequently establishing themselves along the edges of the saïr. Among the study areas, the number of young saxaul trees was lowest in the Sair watersheds, at 8.7 individuals per hectare, and highest in the sand-covered area, at 28.2 individuals per hectare. The number of young saxaul trees was lowest in the Sair watershed, at 33.2 individuals per hectare, and number of mature trees highest in the inter-Sair’s terrace, at 53.9 individuals per hectare. The number and density of dead saxaul trees (16.2-42.0) is 2-3 times higher than young saxaul trees (33.2-53.9), which shows that saxaul tree community is depleting. Indicating that the saxaul tree community is undergoing a depletion process. The survival rate of saxaul trees is classified as "exelent" in foothills and sandy sediments, "moderate" in simple and complex sairs and sand-covered areas, and "bad" damage in complex sairs. Inter-sair’s terrace dominated saxaul trees with vitality of medium and moderate. Алтайн өвөр говийн Загт (Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.). Bge) бүлгэмдлийн моддын төлөв байдлын үнэлгээ ХУРААНГУЙ: Алтайн өвөр говьд жинхэнэ цөл ба хэт хуурай цөлийн (гаммада) шилжих зурвас газарт то…
creator: Bayasgalan Davagdorj
creator: Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa
creator: Khaulenbek Akhmadi
creator: Unur Naranchimeg
creator: Otgontsesetg Davaanyam
creator: Purevdorj Tserengunsen
creator: Tuguldur Unenbat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bayasgalan Davagdorj, Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa, Khaulenbek Akhmadi, Unur Naranchimeg, Otgontsesetg Davaanyam, Purevdorj Tserengunsen, Tuguldur Unenbat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 22
ending page: 34
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4230

Results of principal component analysis using multisource data
type: item
description: In the processing of aerospace digital data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is utilized to enhance the spectral brightness of images by identifying new features, as well as compressing and reducing the dimensionality of multidimensional datasets. PCA reduces the size of hyperspectral data and generates new features, known as principal components (PCs). The first PC contains the most information, while the last PC contains the least. This enables the representation of hundreds of channels of multidimensional data with a small number of components. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the 234-channel hyperspectral data from the PRISMA satellite, both independently and in conjunction with VV and VH polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from the Sentinel-1B satellite. Ulaanbaatar was selected as the test area for this research. When the 202 channels of PRISMA satellite data were processed and analyzed using the PCA, it was found that 98.9% of the total information was contained in the first five components, with PC1 accounting for 53.66% of the total variance of the original 202 channels. In contrast, when the combined hyperspectral and SAR data were processed, the first five components represented 99.1% of the total information, resulting in an increase of 0.2% in total information content. Overall, the results of the study show that the use of multiple source data and integration can further improve the quality of thematic interpretation and analysis. Олон эх сурвалжийн мэдээг гол компонентын аргаар шинжилсэн дүн ХУРААНГУЙ: Агаар-сансрын тоон өгөгдлийг боловсруулахад гол компонентын шинжилгээ (ГКШ)-ний арга нь сувгуудыг шинээр тодорхойлон дүрс зургийн спектр тодролыг сайжруулахаас гадна, олон хэмжээст өгөгдлийг шахаж, хэмжээсийг нь багасгахад ашиглагдана. Хайперспектрийн мэдээг ГКШ-ний аргаар хэмжээсийг нь багасган, шинэ сувгуудыг буюу гол компонент (ГК)-уудыг үүсгэхэд, эхний ГК хамгийн их мэдээллийг, сүүлийн ГК хамгийн бага мэдээл…
creator: Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren
creator: Enkhjargal Damdinsuren
creator: Odontuya Gendaram
creator: Tsogzol Gurjav
creator: Ochirhuyag Lkhamjav
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren, Enkhjargal Damdinsuren, Odontuya Gendaram, Tsogzol Gurjav, Ochirhuyag Lkhamjav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4231

Application of spectral enhancement methods using optical and radar data
type: item
description: ABSTRACT: Spectral enhancement methods are crucial for identifying objects and features in primary remotely sensed data and accurately determining the differences between them. This study aims to perform spectral enhancement using three techniques: the decorrelation method, Brovey transform, and Gram-Schmidt transformation from the ENVI system on both optical and radar satellite data. The study area includes Khatgal village and a densely forested region in the southern part of Khuvsgul Lake, encompassing various land cover classes such as coniferous forest, settlement, dry plain, mountain soil, and water. In the analysis, four different band combinations of multisource data channels from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites were utilized. The decorrelation method generally proves to be more effective in highlighting objects in optical data compared to radar data. Conversely, the Brovey transform enhances objects differently, depending on the wavelength characteristics of the two sources. Although the brightness of objects in both optical and radar data resulting from the Gram-Schmidt transformation may not be very sharp, the classes are generally well distinguished. Overall, the results of the study indicate that each of the selected methods highlights objects in the image with distinct characteristics, suggesting that the outcome of each method can provide a valuable, unique source of information for thematic interpretation. Оптикийн ба радарын мэдээнд спектр тодролын аргуудыг ашиглах нь ХУРААНГУЙ: Зайнаас тандсан анхдагч дүрс өгөгдлүүд дээр дүрслэгдсэн биет, юмсыг тодруулах, биес хоорондын ялгааг нарийвчлан тодорхойлоход спектр тодролын аргууд зайлшгүй шаардлагатай болдог. Энэхүү судалгаа нь оптикийн ба радарын хиймэл дагуулуудын мэдээн дээр ENVI системийн спектр тодролын декорреляцын арга, Бровейн шилжүүлэлт, Грам-Шмидтийн хувиргалт зэрэг алгоритмуудыг ашиглан спектрийн сайжруулалт хийж, үр дүнгүүдийг харьцуулах үндсэн зорилготой. Судалгааны талбайгаар Хөвсгөл ну…
creator: Munkh-Erdene Altangerel
creator: Enkhmanlai Amarsaikhan
creator: Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren
creator: Enkhjargal Damdinsuren
creator: Tsogzol Gurjav
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Munkh-Erdene Altangerel, Enkhmanlai Amarsaikhan, Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren, Enkhjargal Damdinsuren, Tsogzol Gurjav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 44
ending page: 52
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4233

Investigation of drinking water quality in the urban areas of Bulgan province
type: item
description: Abstract: This research work conducted within the framework of the contracted project "Study, assessment, and recommendations on the quality of drinking water in the center and rural settlements of Bulgan province" in 2022 and has been incorporated into this article following processing of the results. The chemical composition of groundwater was overall dominated by the hydrocarbonate ions prevailed over anions (97.8%). In case of cation, showed that 69.6% of all water points were determined as Ca-HCO3, 17.4% mixed, 10.9% was Na-HCO3, and the remaining 2.2% was S-C-Ca-Mg. In terms of total mineralization, 21.7% is classified as slightly mineralized and 78.3% as fresh. The hardness of the water varies from soft to hard (hardness 2.52-8.4 mg-eq/L). Out of all the samples, only 2.17% are hard, 10.9% are moderately hard, 80.4% are slightly hard, and 6.5% are soft. About 15.2% of the samples were dominated by magnesium and magnesium concent exceeded the standard of drinking water in the 4 samples (8.5%) which was 1.1-2.3 times higher than the permissible level of the standard "Environment. Health protection, Safety Driking water. Hygienically requirements, assesment of the quality and safety" MNS 0900:2018. The calcium ion and total hardness levels exceed the standard in only 2.17% of the samples. Nitrate ions were predominantly detected in the nutrent pollutions, with 6.4% of the samples not meeting the drinking water standards, and 39.1% have low fluoride content, while 26% have high fluoride levels. Microbiological analysis showed that 8.7% of the water points have total bacterial and intestinal group bacteria exceeding the standard requirements. Microelement analysis found uranium (U) in 8.7% (4 wells), strontium (Sr) in 6.5% (3 wells), and manganese (Mn) in 2.2% (1 well) of the samples. Radon (Rn) levels in 13 wells were 1.01-1.92 times higher than the standard, accounting for 28.3% of the total samples. Out of the total 46 samples, 76.1% did not meet the requiremen…
creator: Enkhjargal Togtokh
creator: Odsuren Batdelger
creator: Erdenetsetseg Tsogtbayar
creator: Purev-Erdene Erdemjargal
creator: Sandag Dalaijargal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Enkhjargal Togtokh, Odsuren Batdelger, Erdenetsetseg Tsogtbayar, Purev-Erdene Erdemjargal, Sandag Dalaijargal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 53
ending page: 62
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4234

A Review of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Desertification and Land Degradation in Mongolia
type: item
description: The concept of desertification extends beyond mere land degradation; it represents a complex contemporary ecological and socio-economic challenge that profoundly affects population mobility, livestock management, and sustainable economic development. This review systematically consolidates and critically examines previous studies on the impacts of desertification and land degradation on Mongolia’s socio-economic systems. The analysis is based on 25 reports and scholarly articles published by international and professional organizations, focusing on the effects of desertification and land degradation on population movements, public health, land use, water resources, and broader socio-economic conditions. The findings indicate that 76.9% of Mongolia’s total land area is affected by desertification, of which 23.3% falls within the severe or very severe categories. These processes of land degradation and desertification have increased the frequency of dzud, significantly influencing local population mobility. Between 2000 and 2023, a total of 665,058 individuals an average of approximately 28.900 people per year relocated to the capital city. Moreover, the economic losses attributable to desertification average 1.2 trillion MNT annually, effectively doubling or tripling local livelihood costs and adversely impacting sustainable development indicators. Consequently, policies aimed at mitigating desertification are not only an environmental imperative but also an essential component of strategies to ensure food security, livelihood stability, and long-term economic development. Монгол улсад цөлжилт, газрын доройтол нь нийгэм, эдийн засагт нөлөөлж буй тойм судалгаа ХУРААНГУЙ: Цөлжилт хэмээх ойлголт нь зөвхөн газрын доройтлоор хязгаарлагдахгүй, харин хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн, мал аж ахуй, эдийн засгийн тогтвортой хөгжилд гүнзгий нөлөөлж буй цогц экологийн болон нийгэм-эдийн засгийн өнөө цагийн томоохон асуудлын нэг юм Энэхүү тойм судалгаа нь цөлжилт, газрын доройтлын үйл …
creator: Gantsetseg Gantumur
creator: Ganchudur Ganchudur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gantsetseg Gantumur, Ganchudur Ganchudur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 63
ending page: 69
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4248

Distribution, Characteristics, and Morphogenetic Types of Relief: A Case Study of Myangad Soum, Khovd Province
type: item
description: The objective of this study is to identify the distribution and characteristics of landforms at the local level and to generate a large-scale morphogenetic types map. Myangad soum in Khovd Province, located in the western region of Mongolia, was selected as the study area. The analysis utilized high-resolution remote sensing data, including 61 cm Quickbird, 10 m Sentinel-2 imagery, and a 12.5 m ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model, along with 1:100,000 scale topographic maps and field data collected in July 2024. A dual-methodological approach was applied, combining both bottom-up and top-down analyses. As a result, the morphogenetic types of landforms in Myangad soum were classified into 3 main classes (tectonic-erosional, erosional-accumulation, and accumulation), 7 sub-classes, and 19 types, and mapped at a scale of 1:100,000. The dominant landform type is tectonic-erosional, covering 52.5% of the total area, followed by erosional-accumulation (30.2%) and accumulation types (17.3%). This study demonstrates that high spatial resolution satellite data and advanced modern methodologies can be effectively applied to precisely map land surface morphology at the local level. The findings provide scientifically grounded baseline data for land use planning, ecological risk assessment, and environmental management. Moreover, the study contributes to the implementation of advanced mapping techniques tailored to the specific natural and socio-economic needs of local areas. Хотгор Гүдгэрийн, Тархалт, Онцлог, Морфогенетик Хэв Шинж: Ховд Аймгийн Мянгад Сумын Жишээн Дээр ХУРААНГУЙ: Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь орон нутгийн түвшинд хотгор гүдгэрийн тархалт онцлогийг тодорхойлж, морфогенетик хэв шинжийн том масштабын зураглал үйлдэхэд оршино. Судалгааны талбайгаар Монгол Улсын баруун бүсэд орших Ховд аймгийн Мянгад сумыг сонгосон. Дүн шинжилгээнд орон зайн өндөр нарийвчлалтай Quickbird (61 см), Sentinel-2 (10 м), ALOS (12.5 м) зэрэг хиймэл дагуулын мэдээнээс гадна 1:100,000 масшта…
creator: Munkhdulam Otgonbayar
creator: Nyamdavaa Gendenjav
creator: Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj
creator: Davaagatan Tuyagerel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Munkhdulam Otgonbayar, Nyamdavaa Gendenjav, Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj, Davaagatan Tuyagerel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 70
ending page: 80
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4238

Classification of Morphogenetic Landform Types in the Western Region of Mongolia
type: item
description: The primary objective of this study is to develop a geomorphological map of the western region of Mongolia. To achieve this, a methodological framework was established that integrates morphometric classification derived from digital elevation models (DEMs), high-resolution satellite imagery, large-scale topographic maps, and field-based measurements and descriptions. Based on this combined approach, morphogenetic landform types were systematically identified, classified, and mapped. Morphometric parameters such as dissection density, dissection depth, absolute and relative elevation, Topographic Position Index (TPI), and geomorphon classification were derived from the digital elevation model (DEM) to develop the primary morphometric classification serving as the fundamental basis for the geomorphological mapping. Subsequently, based on high-resolution satellite imagery, topographic maps, and field survey measurements and descriptions, the spatial distribution and boundaries of ongoing surface processes were precisely delineated. Based on the results of the geomorphological mapping, four main groups with distinct morphological structures and morphogenetic origins have been identified across the western region of Mongolia: tectonic-denudation, denudation-accumulation, volcanic, and accumulation. In total, 18 types and 66 subtypes were distinguished. In terms of areal extent, surfaces characterized by tectonic-denudational features cover 42.7% of the total territory, denudation-accumulation cover 22.9%, volcanic represent 0.1%, and accumulation occupy 34.3%. The novelty of this study lies in the detailed classification of morphometric types integrated with satellite imagery, large-scale topographic maps, and field measurements and descriptions, resulting in the development of an optimized mapping methodology for morphogenetic landforms at the regional scale. Монгол орны баруун бүсийн морфогенетик хэв шинжийн ангилал ХУРААНГУЙ: Энэхүү судалгааны ажлын зорилго нь Монгол …
creator: Bayanjargal Bumtsend
creator: Nyamkhuu Myanganbuu
creator: Odbaatar Enkhjargal
creator: Narangarel Serd-Yanjiv
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bayanjargal Bumtsend, Nyamkhuu Myanganbuu, Odbaatar Enkhjargal, Narangarel Serd-Yanjiv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 81
ending page: 90
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4250

Cultural Ecosystem Service Value of Khyargas Lake
type: item
description: The aim of this study is to identify the cultural ecosystem service values of the Khyargas Lake ecosystem, evaluate its potential for providing cultural services, and develop a spatial distribution map of these services. Cultural ecosystem services refer to the non-material benefits that humans derive from ecosystems through experiences that enhance mental and physical well-being and satisfaction. The study employed a combination of methods, including rapid field assessment surveys of water and wetland ecosystem services, matrix analysis, photo interpretation, and kernel density estimation. The survey results revealed that seven out of the ten cultural ecosystem service types were identified within the study area. When ranked by importance, recreation and tourism, landscape aesthetics, and cultural heritage services were among the top three. Based on the matrix analysis used to assess the natural capacity to provide cultural ecosystem services, 41.0% of the study area was classified as having high capacity, 24.2% as moderate, 23.7% as low, and 11.1% as very low capacity. Kernel density analysis indicated that areas with high demand for cultural ecosystem services are primarily concentrated along the northern, southeastern, and western shores of Khyargas Lake. These areas contribute significantly to the overall value of cultural ecosystem services by supporting activities such as fishing, swimming, boating, lakeside walking, sunbathing, spa treatments, and therapeutic mud applications. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for improving land-use planning and promoting the sustainable development of tourism, as well as for ensuring the efficient and balanced utilization of natural resources. Хяргас нуурын экосистемийн соёлын үйлчилгээний үнэ цэнэ ХУРААНГУЙ: Энэхүү судалгаа нь Хяргас нуурын экосистемийн соёлын үйлчилгээний үнэт зүйлийг тодорхойлж, соёлын үйлчилгээний чадавхыг үнэлэх, орон зайн тархалтын зураглал боловсруулах зорилготой. Экосистемийн соёл…
creator: Davaagatan Tuyagerel
creator: Munkhdulam Otgonbayar
creator: Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Davaagatan Tuyagerel, Munkhdulam Otgonbayar, Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 91
ending page: 100
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4251

Modeling the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide concentration by machine learning
type: item
description: The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a significant contributor to modern climate change and global warming. High-resolution data are essential for scientifically valid studies of CO₂ dynamics and changes. Although greenhouse gas observation satellites exist, they are still inadequate in terms of spatiotemporal resolution. We modeled to obtain a high-spatiotemporal resolution (16-day, 0.1x0.1) XCO₂ by machine learning algorithms (such as Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), and Stacking (Stk)) using multisource data (such as weather parameters, vegetation index, land cover, elevation and population density) over Mongolia and China from 2010 to 2022. The results indicated that the XGB demonstrated good performance, with R² values exceeding 0.95 and 10-fold cross-validation R² (cv) values exceeding 0.55 during the study periods. Additionally, when calculating the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values based on the XGB model's results, the weather variables (53%) had the largest influence on the distribution of XCO₂. In comparison, population density alone had an 11% influence. As a result, the average XGB XCO₂ over the study period was 402.3±1.14 ppm, with the highest value observed in eastern China and the lowest value observed in Mongolia and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This is related to the region's economic development and human activities. In terms of seasonal dynamics, the XGB XCO₂ values for winter, spring, summer, and autumn were 403.4±1.2 ppm, 403.3±1.3 ppm, 400.9±1.5 ppm, and 402.1±1.0 ppm, respectively. This shows that XCO₂ is highest in winter and lowest in summer. This seasonal dynamic is because plants absorb more CO₂ through photosynthesis in summer than in other seasons. The atmospheric ХCO₂ map produced in this study can serve as a baseline map for studying the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and climate change. Нүүрсхүчлийн хийн агууламжийн орон зайн тархалтыг маш…
creator: Sainbayar Dalantai
creator: Erdenesukh Sumiya
creator: Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sainbayar Dalantai, Erdenesukh Sumiya, Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 101
ending page: 112
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4252

Changes in the sand area around the Darkhadiin Khotgor from 1985 to 2022
type: item
description: This research investigates the spatial and temporal changes in sand-covered areas within the Darkhadiin Khotgor, located in west of Khovsgol lake, using landsat image from 1985 to 2022. The study utilizes 30-meter resolution Landsat satellite data in ArcGIS software. For sand detection and analysis used the Normalized Difference Sand Index (NDSI). According to the results shows that the sand area105 km2 in 1985 but in 1995 to 93 km² it decresead by 12km2. But sharply increased to 125 km² in 2005 an expansion of 32 km². Although a declining trend was observed between 2015 and 2022, the overall sand area increased by 18 km² over the 30-year period. This expansion is attributed to long-term climate change and anthropogenic influences, indicating that desertification is intensifying even in the traditionally humid Khangai region of Mongolia. In terms of the proportion of sand area relative to the total land area of the Darkhadiin khotgor, it was slightly below 2% in 1985, increased to 2.02% in 1995, and reached a peak of 2.73% by 2022. The growing extent of sand-covered land highlights the impact of climate variability and human activities, suggesting potential threats to regional ecological stability. Therefore, it is crucial to implement mitigation strategies in areas prone to sand encroachment, such as introducing sand movement control technologies, establishing protective forest belts, and raising awareness among local communities through outreach and recommendations. Climate change is a global phenomenon, but its manifestations and impacts vary significantly across different regions. Дархадын хотгор орчмын элсэн талбайн өөрчлөлт ХУРААНГУЙ: Энэхүү судалгааны ажил нь Хөвсгөл нуурын баруун хэсэгт орших Дархадын хотгор орчмын элсэн талбайн орон зайн болон хугацааны өөрчлөлтийг 1985–2022 оны хооронд хиймэл дагуулын мэдээ ашиглан тодорхойлох зорилготой юм. Судалгаанд Landsat хиймэл дагуулын 30 метрийн нарийвчлалтай өгөгдөл, ArcGIS орон зайн шинжилгээний программ хангамж,…
creator: Altantuya Dorjsuren
creator: Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa
creator: Shinebayar Otgon
creator: Dashtseren Avirmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Altantuya Dorjsuren, Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa, Shinebayar Otgon, Dashtseren Avirmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 113
ending page: 118
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4253

A Study on the Methodological Approaches for Estimating Pasture Biomass Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data
type: item
description: In recent years, remote sensing technologies, particularly the use of multi-source datasets with high spectral and spatial resolution, have become increasingly important for estimating in above ground biomass (AGB). The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods enables more accurate and efficient biomass modeling. This study aims to estimate and map grassland biomass in Bayandelger soum using field-measured biomass data and high-resolution Sentinel-2 satellite imagery through five machine learning algorithms: Random Forest Regression (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extra Trees Regression (ETR), Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). Field measurements were conducted at 65 sampling sites in June 2020. The results showed that the average above-ground biomass was 37.9 g/m² in Carex pp-dominated pastures (22 points), 30.1 g/m² in Stipa sp -dominated pastures (24 points), 64.9 g/m² in Artemisia sp-dominated pastures (8 points), 22.4 g/m² in Cleistogenes squarrosa-dominated pastures (5 points), and 34.4 g/m² in Agropyron repens (L.) P. B -dominated pastures (3 points). Among the five models, the comparison between estimated and field-measured biomass indicated that SVR achieved the highest performance (RMSE = 67.1 kg/ha, R² = 0.70), followed by GBRT (RMSE = 72.1 kg/ha, R² = 0.65), RF (RMSE = 72.3 kg/ha, R² = 0.65), ETR (RMSE = 72.5 kg/ha, R² = 0.65), and XGB (RMSE = 83.9 kg/ha, R² = 0.53). Our findings demonstrate that machine learning models, combined with Sentinel-2 imagery, can effectively estimate and map grassland biomass at the regional scale. This research provides valuable insights for assessing grassland degradation, desertification, and improving sustainable rangeland management in Mongolia. Зайнаас тандан судлалын олон эх сурвалжийн өгөгдлийг ашиглан бэлчээрийн биомассыг тооцоолох арга зүйн асуудалд (Төв аймгийн Баяндэлгэр сумын жишээн дээр) ХУРААНГУЙ: Орчин үед бэлчээрийн биомассын судалг…
creator: Boldbaatar Natsagdorj
creator: Sainbayar Dalantai
creator: Bayartungalag Batsaikhan
creator: Altantuya Dorjsuren
creator: Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Boldbaatar Natsagdorj, Sainbayar Dalantai, Bayartungalag Batsaikhan, Altantuya Dorjsuren, Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 119
ending page: 128
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4257

Salinity and heavy metals in the Saxaul forest soil
type: item
description: In addition to its critical role in preventing soil erosion and stabilizing sand movement, the Saxaul forest holds substantial ecological and economic value. It provides favorable habitats for local livestock and wildlife and serves as an important source of fodder in arid ecosystems. Mining activities will take place in the Zovch-Ovoon sand and Bayangi Gobi valley, located in Ulaanbaatar soum, Dornogovi province. As part of the preparation of the Zuuvch Ovoo ISR pilot site, a detailed environmental impact study determined that several saxauls situated in the pilot area would be impacted. Given the potential disturbances to the natural ecosystem from mining operations, it is essential to conduct baseline soil surveys to assess the current physicochemical conditions of the Saxaul forest soils before significant alteration. This study was conducted in the Saxaul forest region of Zuuvch Ovoo, in Ulaanbadrakh soum in Dornogovi province, to characterize soil properties, with a particular focus on salinity and heavy metal contamination. Soil samples were collected at four different depths and analyzed for key physicochemical indicators. The results show that the soil in the Saxaul forest has an average alkaline pH of 8.37, is slightly carbonated, and contains a moderate level of available phosphorus (1.62 mg/100 g). However, the supply of exchangeable potassium is low (7.01 mg/100 g), and the texture is predominantly sandy loam. Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements indicate that Gobi red soils in the area are moderately to highly saline, with EC values ranging from 1.612 to 8.25 dS/m. In contrast, the light brown soils showed no signs of salinity. A detailed analysis of soluble salts revealed that the dry residue content reached up to 0.901%. Among anions, chloride and sulfate ions were dominant, while calcium and sodium were the principal cations. In terms of heavy metal contamination, arsenic was the only element that exceeded the permissible level at the surface l…
creator: Zoljargal Khavtgai
creator: Purevdorj Tserengunsen
creator: Ganzorig Ulgiichimeg
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zoljargal Khavtgai, Purevdorj Tserengunsen, Ganzorig Ulgiichimeg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 129
ending page: 137
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4258

Assessment of pasture irrigation accessibility and calculation area of in Sumber, Bayantal and Shiveegobi soums of Gobisumber province
type: item
description: Pasture irrigation plays a critical role in supporting the livestock sector in Mongolia. This study aimed to estimate the spatial extent of irrigated pastureland across three soums Bayantal, Sumber, and Shiveegobi within Govisumber province. A deep well survey was conducted, and the irrigated areas were delineated using buffer analysis in ArcGIS 10.5, based on the geographic coordinates of each deep well.The findings indicate that the majority of wells in Gobisumber Province are either simple dug wells or deep boreholes. In 2020, the total irrigated area in the province was estimated at 4,148.08 km², representing approximately 74.78% of the province’s total land area. At the soum level, the irrigated areas were calculated as follows Bayantal -329.16 km² (36.90%), Sumber-3,022.15 km² (80.52%), and Shiveegobi-793.07 km² (87.98%). Furthermore, a comparative analysis revealed a 9.08% increased, province between 2014 and 2020, suggesting a positive trend in the development of pasture irrigation infrastructure. This reflects the steady expansion of groundwater based irrigation systems. The total irrigated area in Govisumber Based on statistical data from 1996 to 2020, there has been a consistent increase in the number of wells over the years. The correlation coefficient (R²=0.79) demonstrates a strong positive relationship, indicating a significant upward trend. This increase in well numbers can be attributed to regional population growth and the expansion of livestock herds, both of which have contributed to a steady rise in water demand over time. Говьсүмбэр аймгийн Сүмбэр, Баянтал, Шивээ говь сумдын бэлчээрийн усан хангамжийг зураглаж, талбайг тооцсон дүнгээс ХУРААНГУЙ: Бэлчээрийн усжуулалт нь Монгол Улсын мал аж ахуйн салбарыг дэмжихэд чухал үүрэгтэй. Энэ судалгаагаар Говьсүмбэр аймгийн Баянтал, Сүмбэр, Шивээговь гэсэн гурван сумын хэмжээнд усжуулалттай бэлчээрийн талбайн хүртээмжийг тооцоолохыг зорьсон. Судалгааны ажлыг Говьсүмбэр аймгийн худгуудын мэдээлэлд тулгуурл…
creator: Shinebayar Otgon
creator: Ganchodor Tsetsegmaa
creator: Khaulenbek Akhmadi
creator: Otgontsetseg Davaanym
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shinebayar Otgon, Ganchodor Tsetsegmaa, Khaulenbek Akhmadi, Otgontsetseg Davaanym https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 138
ending page: 145
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4259

Methodology for Landscape Mapping at the Regional Scale
type: item
description: The aim of this study is to systematically identify the landscape types of western Mongolia and to develop a detailed landscape map using a hierarchical classification approach supported by multi-source spatial data. The study employed a combination of traditional geographical survey techniques, remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis, field observations, and statistical modeling. The analysis integrated optical satellite images (Sentinel-2A, Landsat 8, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation models, WorldClim climate datasets, and 1:100,000 scale topographic maps. Morphometric parameters, including elevation, slope, and terrain dissection, were combined with bioclimatic indices such as moisture–heat balance, aridity, and biological productivity to characterize the spatial patterns of natural landscapes. Landscapes were classified into four hierarchical levels class, subclass, group-type, and type—capturing both structural and functional attributes of the environment. In total, 16 principal and 46 sub-landscape types were delineated and mapped at a 1:500,000 scale. The dominant landscape categories included true desert (13.84%), desert steppe (13.78%), mountain steppe (11.53%), semi-desert (10.7%), and dry mountain steppe (7.7%). A key strength of this study lies in its integration of both biophysical and anthropogenic factors, ensuring a comprehensive representation of the region’s environmental heterogeneity. The findings provide a scientifically robust basis for land-use planning, ecosystem service evaluation, and sustainable development strategies. Furthermore, the methodology is consistent with the principles of the European Landscape Convention and offers a transferable framework for regional-scale landscape mapping in Mongolia and other dryland environments across Central Asia. Бүс Нутгийн Түвшинд Ландшафтын Зураглал Үйлдэх Аргазүй: Монгол Орны Баруун …
creator: Munkhdulam Otgonbayar
creator: Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj
creator: Batnyam Tseveengerel
creator: Purevsuren Munkhtur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Munkhdulam Otgonbayar, Renchinmyadag Tovuudorj, Batnyam Tseveengerel, Purevsuren Munkhtur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 146
ending page: 456
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4278

Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Heat Island in Erdenet City Using Machine Learning Approaches
type: item
description: The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon represents a critical ecological challenge associated with rapid global urbanization, exerting adverse impacts on energy consumption, air quality, and public health. As Mongolia's major mining city, Erdenet is experiencing increasing environmental pressures during its urbanization process, necessitating comprehensive investigation of this phenomenon. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of UHI effects in Erdenet city over a 35-year period (1989-2024) and develop predictive models for future projections. Utilizing multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery for spatially modeling Land Surface Temperature (LST), advanced machine learning algorithms including Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were employed. The results revealed that mean LST increased from 23.05°C in 1989 to 31.15°C in 2004, subsequently decreasing to 25.70°C in 2024. A notable finding was the spatial redistribution of UHI patterns: during the initial years, elevated LST values were concentrated in areas with sparse vegetation cover and barren land, while by 2024, high temperatures had shifted to impervious surfaces including built-up areas and residential settlements. This spatial transition indicates an intensification of UHI effects driven by urban expansion. Throughout the study period, forest area decreased significantly, while water bodies and green infrastructure consistently maintained lower temperatures, demonstrating the crucial temperature-regulating role of these natural elements. These findings align with international research emphasizing the vital role of vegetation in mitigating UHI intensity, and highlight the imperative to integrate green infrastructure into urban planning to enhance climate resilience in rapidly urbanizing regions. Эрдэнэт хотын “Хотын дулааны арал”-ын орон зайн тархалтыг машин сургалтын аргаар үнэлэх нь ХУРААНГУЙ: “Хотын дулаан арал”-ийн (Urban Heat Island, UHI) үзэгдэл нь дэлхийн хурд…
creator: Byambadolgor Batdorj
creator: Jargaldalai Enkhtuya
creator: Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren
creator: Sainbayar Dalantai
creator: Munkh-Erdene Altangerel
creator: Gantsetseg Gantumur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Byambadolgor Batdorj, Jargaldalai Enkhtuya, Amarsaikhan Damdinsuren, Sainbayar Dalantai, Munkh-Erdene Altangerel, Gantsetseg Gantumur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 157
ending page: 166
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4314

Study on the Seed yeild and Seed quality of Thinned Plantation Forest
type: item
description: This study was conducted in the planted Scots pine forest of Tujiin Nars, located in Delgerkhaan District, Selenge Province, within the Trans- Baikal Forest vegetation zone. In March 2025, a total of 250 cone samples were collected—50 cones each from normal trees selected by selection category in each plot. The cones were dried in an oven (GZX-9000 MBE) at a temperature of 50–55 °C, then dissected to extract the seeds. The seed quality indicators were determined in accordance with the International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA) and the Mongolian national standards for tree and shrub seed testing. The purpose of this study was to compare seed yield and quality indicators between a seed stand managed through thinning and other silvicultural practices applied in stages, and an unmanaged control plot. Based on the seed yield assessment, the reproductive capacity of trees in the thinned plot was rated at 2 points, whereas the control plot was rated at 1 point, indicating better seed production in the thinned plot. Morphological measurements of seeds and cones also showed that the thinned plot had larger cones and seeds, with cone length 42.4 mm, cone width 22.8 mm, seed length 4.6 mm, and seed width 2.3 mm compared to the control plot. In terms of seed quality, the germination rate of seeds from the thinned plot was 92%, germination energy 58%, and 1,000-seed weight 7 g—all of which were higher than those of the control plot. These results demonstrate that thinning in seed stands, which increases spacing between trees and enlarges the nutrient area available per tree, can enhance both seed yield and seed quality indicators. Сийрүүлсэн таримал ойн үрийн моддын үрлэлт, үрийн чанарын судалгаа ХУРААНГУЙ: Энэхүү судалгааг Өвөр байгалийн ой ургамалжилтын мужийн Сэлэнгийн хошууны Дэлгэрхааны тойрогт хамаарагдах Тужийн нарсны таримал ойд гүйцэтгэв. Судалгаанд боргоцойн дээжийг 2025 оны III сард талбай тус бүрээс селекцийн ангиллаар хэвийн моддоос 50 ширхэг нийт 250 боргоцойн дээ…
creator: Udval Bayarsaikhan
creator: Ganbold Battulga
creator: Lkhagvajargal Odrentsen
creator: Batsaikhan Ganbaatar
creator: Batkhuu Nyam-Osor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Udval Bayarsaikhan, Ganbold Battulga, Lkhagvajargal Odrentsen, Batsaikhan Ganbaatar, Batkhuu Nyam-Osor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 167
ending page: 172
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4336

Study of the generation, distribution of the plum fruit moth in Mongolia. Lepidoptera: (Grapholita funebrana Treitschke, 1835)
type: item
description: In recent years, in our country, the variety and amount of fruit and berry cultivation has been increasing. In connection with this, many types of pests and diseases have appeared and increased in some years, making it difficult to harvest. In 2020 and 2021, during the surveillance survey to determine the type, species, distribution, and damage of harmful organisms in the western region, there was an increase in plum fruit moths in the plum plantations in Bulgan soum, Khovd Province. In 30 percent of the surveyed area, one larva was found per tree in 30-40 percent of the fruit. In 2021, 80-90 percent of the plum trees of Sant soum, Uvurkhangai province, In 2024, 70-90 percent of the total area of Khaliun soum plums and 35-45 percent of trees in Gobi-Altai province, it was determined that 60-70 percent of the area of Biger soum, 10-20 percent of trees, and 100 percent of trees in the total area of Bulgan soum of Khovd province. Also, in 2020 was an increase in plum fruit moths in the plum field planted in Jargalant village, Songinohairkhan district, Ulaanbaatar city, and there was an increase of 2024 year, and when 300 fruits were examined, 50-60% were infected with plum fruit moth. We collected infected fruit samples from Bulgan soum, Khovd province and Songinokhairkhan district of the capital, and obtained mature moths from the lab to confirm the species identification by morphological identification and PCR. Чавганы үрч эрвээхэйн Монгол орон дахь тархалт, үе удмын хөгжлийн судалгаа. Lepidoptera: Grapholita funebrana Treitschke, 1835 ХУРААНГУЙ: Манай оронд сүүлийн жилүүдэд жимс, жимсгэний таримлын нэр төрөл, тариалах хэмжээ нэмэгдэж байна. Үүнтэй холбоотойгоор элдэв төрлийн хортон шавж, өвчин гарч, зарим жилүүдэд олширч байгаа нь ургац авахад хүндрэл учруулж эхэллээ. Бид 2020, 2021 онд баруун бүсийн тариалангийн хөнөөлт организмын төрөл, зүйл, тархалт, хөнөөлийг тогтоох тандалтын судалгааны явцад Ховд аймгийн Булган суманд тариалагдсан чавганы таримал дээр үрч эрвэ…
creator: Munkhtsetseg Baasan
creator: Ichinkhorloo Baynmandal
creator: Ganbat Dashzeveg
creator: Emujin Gantulga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Munkhtsetseg Baasan, Ichinkhorloo Baynmandal, Ganbat Dashzeveg, Emujin Gantulga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 173
ending page: 181
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4176

Desertification and land degradation problems in soums in different natural regions of Mongolia
type: item
description: Desertification and land degradation represent some of the most pressing and complex environmental challenges facing Mongolia today. According to desertification assessments, approximately 77.8% of the country’s total territory shows signs of land degradation to varying degrees. The manifestation of desertification and degradation differs across natural zones and is influenced by multiple factors, including climate change, human activity, overgrazing, and water scarcity. For instance, in the forest steppe zone, major contributors include deforestation, intensive agriculture, and pasture overload; in the dry steppe zone, vegetation cover reduction and overgrazing are prevalent; while in the desert steppe, increasing wind erosion and sand movement, along with deteriorating vegetation, are common indicators.This study investigates the changes in land cover associated with drought, desertification, and land degradation between 1985 to 2022 in three representative soums across Mongolia’s forest steppe, dry steppe, and desert steppe zones. The research methodology was developed in accordance with international standards and adapted to the specific environmental context of Mongolia. It integrates satellite remote sensing data, ground-based observations, and socio-economic indicators to conduct spatiotemporal analysis. Key indicators used in the assessment include drought intensity and frequency, wind and water erosion, vegetation cover change, and the population and livestock density. The results reveal significant spatial disparities in land degradation across the studied regions. The case studies of Orkhon soum (Darkhan-Uul province), Rashaant soum (Bulgan province), and Govi-Sumber aimag highlight strong interrelations between drought variability, land cover change, vegetation degradation, socio-economic factors, and overall land degradation. The findings show that 83.9% of Orkhon soum, 49.8%, of Rashaant soum, and 99.02% of Govi-Sumber aimag have been affected to varyi…
creator: Altantuya Dorjsuren
creator: Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa
creator: Mandakh Nyamtseren
creator: Sainzaya Sharav
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Altantuya Dorjsuren, Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa, Mandakh Nyamtseren, Sainzaya Sharav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 182
ending page: 189
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4255

Environmental protection infrastructure of urbanized territories
type: item
description: Environmental protection infrastructure (EPI) within urbanized areas represents a vital component of ecological infrastructure and the contemporary economic urban framework. Its primary structural elements include enterprises and organizations dedicated to: a) the removal, storage, and burial of municipal solid and liquid waste; and b) the collection and processing of the recyclable portion of municipal waste (secondary material resources - SMR). The functioning of environmental protection infrastructure contributes to the recycling of municipal solid waste (paper, secondary polymer materials, secondary textiles, glass, and others) into secondary raw materials. The main goal of EPI is to reduce the environmental impact of waste generated by urban activities on both the surrounding environment and human health. The study area is the city of Irkutsk and its surroundings. Additionally, the operation of this infrastructure plays an important role in incorporating urban secondary raw materials into the economic cycle. The article is based on program and strategic developments involving the author, the results of expeditionary studies on the morphological composition of municipal solid waste, and similar studies and surveys. The methods used in the article include comparative geography, structuring, fieldwork, mapping, questionnaires, and others. The article is based on program and strategic developments involving the author, the results of expeditionary studies on the morphological composition of municipal solid waste, and similar studies.
creator: Tatyana Zabortceva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tatyana Zabortceva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
volume: 62
number: 46
starting page: 190
ending page: 194
doi: 10.5564/mjgg.v62i46.4313